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Plastic Surgery – from Wikipedia
Plastic surgery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
“Facial reconstruction” redirects here. For the identification of skeletal remains, see Forensic facial reconstruction. For the album by The Huntingtons, see Plastic Surgery (album). Plastic surgery is a medical specialty that uses a number of surgical and nonsurgical techniques to change the appearance and function of a person's body.[1] Plastic surgery procedures include both cosmetic enhancements as well as functionally reconstructive operations. In the former case, where aesthetics are considered more important than functionality, plastic surgery is sometimes referred to as cosmetic surgery. Most procedures involve both aesthetic and functional elements.
The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with the synthetic polymer material known as plastic. Plastic surgeons typically mold and reshape the following tissues of the body: bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, and skin.
Contents
1 Introduction 2 History 3 Techniques and Procedures 4 Reconstructive Plastic Surgery 5 Cosmetic Surgery 6 Plastic Surgery Sub-specialities 7 Related disciplines 8 Further reading 9 References 10 See also 11 External links
Introduction The basic goals of plastic surgery include the following:
correction of disfigurement restoration of impaired function improvement of physical appearance During plastic surgery the following procedures are common:
Tissue may be moved to fill a depression, to cover a wound, or to improve appearance. Tissue may be completely removed to alter the contours of a feature. The benefits of plastic surgery include:
correction of a congenital or acquired deformity. correction of a perceived physical imperfection. psychological benefits.
History The history of plastic surgery reaches back to the 700's BCE. Physicians in ancient India including Sushruta were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as the 8th century BC. In his work Sushruta Samhita describes rhinoplasty and otoplasty. This knowledge of plastic surgery existed in India up to the late 18th century as can be seen from the reports published in Gentleman's Magazine (October 1794).[2][3]
The Romans were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became commonplace.
Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, all surgery on healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced once sterile technique and disinfectants were introduced. The invention and use of antibiotics beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin was another step in making elective surgery possible.
Chopart in 1791 performed operative procedure of a lip using a flap from the neck. Joseph Carpue in 1814 successfully performed operative procedure in a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. Carl Von Graefe the German surgeon in 1818 published his major work entitled "Rhinoplastik." Carl Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.In 1845 Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty , entitled "Operative Chirurgie." He introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. In 1891 John Roe, an American otorhinolaryngologist presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892 Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896 James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and In 1989 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898 Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty . In 1928 Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.
The U.S.'s first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer. He performed the first cleft palate operation in 1827 with instruments that he designed himself. The New Zealander Sir Harold Gillies developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for those who suffered facial injuries in World War I; he is considered to be the father of modern plastic surgery. His work was expanded upon during World War II by one of his former students and cousin, Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, lead to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club.
Techniques and Procedures Common techniques used in plastic surgery are:
incision excision microsurgery chemosurgery electrosurgery laser surgery dermabrasion liposuction In plastic surgery the transfer of skin tissue (skin grafting) is one of the most common procedures. (In traditional surgery a “graft” is a piece of living tissue, organ, etc., that is transplanted.
Autografts: Skin grafts taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be: Cultured Sheets of epithelial cells in vitro. Synthetic compounds (e.g., silicone). Allografts: Skin grafts taken from a donor of the same species. Xenografts: Skin grafts taken from a donor of a different species. Usually, good results are expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes:
Careful planning of incisions so that they fall in the line of natural skin folds or lines. Appropriate choice of wound closure. Use of best available suture materials. Early removal of exposed sutures so that the wound is held closed by buried sutures.
Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Reconstructive Plastic Surgery is performed to correct severe functional impairments caused by:
burns traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures congenital abnormalities, such as cleft lip, or cleft palate removal of cancers or tumors, such as a mastectomy Common reconstructive surgical procedures are: breast reconstruction for women who have had a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors (Stress ulcers (Curling's ulcer); one of the complication of severe burns.[1] [2]) , and closing skin and mucosa defects after removal of tumors in the head and neck region.
Plastic surgeons developed the use of microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Tissue flaps comprised of skin, muscle, bone, fat or a combination, may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1-2 mm in diameter.
Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgery is a very popular form of plastic surgery. As an example, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons reported that in 2006 nearly 11 million cosmetic plastic surgeries were performed in the United States alone.[4]
Within the U.S,. critics of plastic surgery note that it is legal for any doctor, regardless of speciality, to perform cosmetic surgery. It is thus important to distinguish the terms "plastic surgery" and "cosmetic surgery": Plastic Surgery is recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties as the subspecialty dedicated to the surgical repair of defects of form or function -- this includes cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery, as well as reconstructive surgery. The term "cosmetic surgery" however, refers to surgery that is designed to improve cosmetics, or appearance. In several countries including Australia, many doctors who are not qualified as surgeons also perform cosmetic procedures.[5]
The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their "common names." These are also listed when pertinent.
Abdominoplasty (or "tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the abdomen Blepharoplasty (or "eyelid surgery"): Reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty Augmentation Mammaplasty/breast augmentation (or "breast enlargement" or "boob job"): Augmentation of the breasts. This can involve either saline or silicone gel prosthetics. Buttock Augmentation (or "butt augmentation" or "butt implants"): Enhancement of the buttocks. This procedure can be performed by using silicone implants or fat grafting and transfer from other areas of the body. Chemical peel: Minimizing the appearance of acne, pock, and other scars as well as wrinkles (depending on concentration and type of agent used, except for deep furrows), solar lentigines (age spots, freckles), and photodamage in general. Chemical peels commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), glycolic acid (AHA), or salicylic acid (BHA) as the active agent. Mastopexy (or "breast lift"): Raising or reshaping of breasts Labiaplasty: Surgical reduction and reshaping of the labia Rhinoplasty (or "nose job"): Reshaping of the nose Otoplasty (or ear surgery): Reshaping of the ear Rhytidectomy (or "face lift"): Removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face Suction-Assisted Lipectomy (or liposuction): Removal of fat from the body Chin augmentation: Augmentation of the chin with an implant (e.g. silicone) or by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone. Cheek augmentation Collagen, fat, and other tissue filler injections (eg hyaluronic acid) Laser skin resurfacing Injection of dermal fillers (collagen, hyaluronic acid, fat, and others) In recent years, a growing number of patients seeking cosmetic surgery have visited other countries to find doctors with lower costs. These medical tourists get their procedures done for up 50 percent or more cost savings in countries including Cuba, Thailand, Argentina and India. The risk of complications and the lack of after surgery support are often overlooked by those simply looking for the cheapest option.
Plastic Surgery Sub-specialities Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. Plastic surgery training and approval by the American Board of Plastic Surgery includes mastery of the following as well:
Craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of pediatric congenital anomalies, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and other disturbances in facial growth and development. Because these children have multiple issues, the best approach to providing care to them is an interdisciplinary approach which includes oral and maxillofacial surgeons, otolaryngologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists and geneticists. Hand surgery is a field that is also practiced by some general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons (see Hand surgeon). Plastic surgeons receive training in hand surgery, with some trainees deciding even to do an additional full-year hand fellowship afterwards (this fellowship can also be pursued by general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons). In particular, plastic surgeons receive training in microvascular surgery, which is needed to replant an amputated hand or digit. Many hand operations (such as reconstruction of injuries, replantations, rheumatoid surgery and surgery of congenital defects) are performed by plastic surgeons. Maxillofacial surgery is surgery of the bony and soft-tissues of the face and cranium, and is an important aspect of plastic surgery. Examples of repairs here would be traumatic fractures of the jaw and face (such as from fights or vehicle accidents), tumors of the jaw and face.
Related disciplines Plastic surgery overlaps with other medical specialties that are distinct specialties certified by the American Board of Medical Specialties, including Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology. These sub-specialties require separate sub-specialty fellowship training after complete speciality residency training. Unfortunately, these sub-specialists continue to use the term "general plastic surgeon" on their educational and mission statements to make "general plastic surgeons" seem less qualified to perform operations of the face or eyes. This is not true, as there is no such term as "general plastic surgery", there is only "plastic surgery", which is recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties, the governing board of physicians in the USA, whereas "facial plastic surgery" and "oculoplastic surgery" are not recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. For instance, a layperson wishing plastic surgery of his or her face would think a "facial plastic surgeon" sounds more appropriate than a "general plastic surgeon" if given only those two choices, whereas the distinction between "facial plastic surgeon" and "plastic surgeon" sounds more similar -- this is an example of how the term "general plastic surgery" is deceptive and should be avoided.
Facial Plastic Surgery is plastic & reconstructive surgery of the head & neck region. Traditionally developed as a post-cancer reconstruction specialty, the field of facial plastic surgery pioneered many cosmetic procedures that are utilized by many plastic surgeons, including the rhinoplasty and the deep-plane facelift. Specialists in this group have completed a one year fellowship after a traditional otolaryngology surgical residency program.
Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery (also known as oculoplastic surgery is plastic & reconstructive surgery of the region around the eyes. Traditionally developed as a specialty that developed techniques to reconstruct eyelids and to surgically treat the orbit and lachrymal system, the field of ophthalmic plastic surgery pioneered many cosmetic procedures that are utilized by many plastic surgeons, including the blepharoplasty and mid-face lift. Specialists in this group have completed a two year fellowship after a traditional ophthalmology surgical residency program.
Further reading Fraser, Suzanne (2003). Cosmetic surgery, gender and culture. Palgrave. ISBN 1-4039-1299-8. Gilman, Sander (2005). Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2144-0. Haiken, Elizabeth (1997). Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5763-5.
References ^ Johnson D, Whitworth I (2002). "Recent developments in plastic surgery.". BMJ 325 (7359): 319-22. PMID 12169510. ^ Rana RE, Arora BS (Jan-Mar 2002). "History of plastic surgery in India.". J Postgrad Med (India) 48 (1): 76-8. PMID 12082339. Retrieved on 2006-11-19. ^ Paul O'Keeffe. Rhinoplasty Overview. Retrieved on 2006-11-19. ^ 2006: Nearly 11 Million Cosmetic Surgeries in U.S.. March 22, 2007. ^ Anderson, Laurence (2006). Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. Sydney: AMPCo. ISBN 0-85557-044-X..
See also Body modification Botox Breast reconstruction, Breast reduction, Breast implant, Breast lift Facial feminization surgery Microsurgery Operation Smile Orthopedic surgery Category:Plastic surgeons
Derived from Wikipedia article Plastic surgery
Pics
Plastic Surgery - Surgery is the treatment of disease or injury by cutting into the body to repair or remove the injured or diseased body part. Surgery is usually performed by surgeons in the operating room of a hospital or clinic – (source) Plastic Surgery - An interactive guide to plastic surgery procedures – (source) Cosmetic Plastic Surgery - Denver Colorado Plastic Surgeons - Denver Plastic Surgery - Cosmetic Surgery Dr. Richard O'Donnell Specializing in Breast Implants and Augmentation – (source) Cosmetic Plastic Surgery - Cosmetic Surgery Toronto: Cosmetic, Plastic surgeon in Toronto offers a wide range of cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, including rhinoplasty (nose surgery), abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), facelift, eyelid surgery – (source) Bad Plastic Surgery - This site is dedicated to acquainting you with our clinic and its staff, and describing our approach to the process of plastic surgery – (source) Bad Plastic Surgery - Plastic surgery bad plastic surgery plastic surgery fad – (source) Facial Plastic Surgery - Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgeon, Cosmetic Surgeon in North Dallas, Irving and Plano by Dr. Benjamin Bassichis – (source) Facial Plastic Surgery - Rhinoplasty, Facelift and Botox in Dallas, Frisco and DFW by Advanced Facial Plastic Center – (source)
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